In this study, we look at two false ideas concerning the spirit or soul of man.

FALSE: The Spirit is Breath

Two facts about the word 'spirit' are worth noting.

A false conclusion that spirit is breath is sometimes drawn from these facts. That conclusion is false because the reasoning behind it is false, namely that if one word means different things then the different things must be the same thing. You can see that this is a contradiction. How can different things be the same?

There is a parallel in the word 'heart'. It means the physical blood pump. It also means the soul or spirit. The one word means different things, and obviously the different things are not the same thing. The blood pump is not the soul or spirit. In the same way, the breath is not the soul or spirit.

Some Examples in Scripture

Let's look at some examples in scripture where 'soul' or 'spirit' does not mean 'breath'.

Example (1)
Creation of Adam

Genesis 2:7 says that "the LORD God formed man of dust from the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul".

It is pointed out that here, at the beginning of the Bible, "soul" refers not to an immortal spirit, but rather to the life that breath imparts. This is true, because that is exactly how Paul interprets the statement. He quotes "Man became a living soul" to contrast the natural and earthy creation of Adam with the spiritual and heavenly glorification of Christ (1Co 15:42-50).

This passage does not, however, prove that 'soul' is 'breath'. We observe here that the word 'soul' in this passage means the life that breath imparts. Manifestly, breath is not the same thing as the life that breath imparts. They are different things, as different and opposite as a cause is from its effect.

So, whilst this example is not one where 'soul' refers to an immortal spirit, it is an example showing that 'soul' can mean different and opposite things. It would make no sense to say, "Adam became a living breath". So right here at the beginning of the Bible, we can see that it would be simplistic and fallacious to argue that 'soul' always means 'breath'.

Example (2)
Christ's death, resurrection, ascension, and glorification

Jesus committed his spirit to God when he died. "Jesus crying out with a loud voice said, 'Father, into your hands I commit my spirit' and having said this, he breathed his last." (Lke 23:46).

Does this mean that he was committing to God his last breath or the life that was in that last breath? Was God going to bottle as it were that last breath, and return it to his nostrils at the resurrection? If so, what would happen 40 days later when Jesus ascended into the clouds and far above the heavens? (Acts 1:9 Eph 4:8-10). He could no longer breathe. Therefore the spirit that he had committed to God could no longer exist. When he was glorified (Acts 3:13), and no more an air-breathing being, he would lose (if it were breath) the spirit that he had committed to God and which God restored to him at the resurrection.

We see then, that to consider the spirit of Jesus as simply the breath of life leads to an absurdity. On the other hand, if we consider the spirit to be non-physical, whose existence is independent of breath, then no absurdity or difficulty arises with regard to the survival of the spirit through the processes of death, resurrection, ascension, and glorification.

Example (3)
The Holy Spirit

The Spirit of God is referred to in the Bible in such a way that we cannot understand 'spirit' to mean breath. That is to say, "Holy Spirit" or "Spirit of God" cannot literally mean holy breath or the breath of God.

The first use of the word 'spirit' in the Bible, is this statement: "The Spirit of God was moving over the surface of the waters" (Gen 1:1). This could perhaps be translated "The breath of God was moving over the surface of the waters". However this would be sensible only as a figure of speech (anthropomorphism). So even this first instance shows that 'Spirit' does not always mean simply and literally 'breath'.

There are instances in the rest of the Bible where 'Spirit' cannot mean 'breath' even figuratively. Notice for instance, some of the things said about the Spirit in Romans chapter 8.

Try reading the chapter and substituting every instance of 'Spirit' with 'breath'. For example, "the Breath also helps our weaknesses, for we do not know how to pray as we ought, but the Breath Himself intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words. And he who searches the hearts knows what the mind of the Breath is, because He intercedes for the saints according to the will of God". That has no sense literally or figuratively. Breath has no mind, and breath cannot intercede. Yet the Spirit of God does these things. A study of the attributes of the Holy Spirit shows that the Spirit has attributes that breath cannot have.

Example (4)
An unborn baby

A child in the womb is an example worth considering. If spirit means breath, then an unborn baby who has no breath would have to be viewed as having no spirit. Since James says, "the body without the spirit is dead" (Jas 2:26) the unborn baby would be have to be regarded as not yet a living being.

An unborn baby lives on its mother's breath. It has no breath of its own. Does that mean it does not have a spirit of its own? Is it merely an organ of the mother until it is separated from her body and takes its first breath? This difficulty does not arise until someone teaches that the spirit is the breath of life.

Example (5)
The man with an unclean spirit

The unfortunate man of whom we read in Mark chapter 5 obviously suffered something much worse than unclean breath. When the man spoke to Jesus, our Lord recognised that it was not the man but the demons in the man (Mtt 8:28-34) who were communicating. A man's breath does not drive him insane. In this case, clearly, the word 'spirit' did not mean 'breath', but rather a demon, a spiritual being, a large number of whom had possessed the man.

FALSE: The Mind is the Brain

It is a common idea today that the mind and brain as one and the same. The mind is viewed as a result of electro-chemical processes in a physical organ of the body.

Although everyone speaks of "mind and body" as though they were separate entities, most people conceive of the mind as something produced by a part of the body. They see the mind as part of the flesh, not separate from it. The mind is the brain, rather than the brain being merely the body's interface that allows the mind to associate with the body and function within it.

Some Examples in Scripture

Let's look at some examples in scripture where mind does not mean brain.

Example (1)
The mind versus the flesh

If the mind is produced by an organ of the body, then the mind is subordinate to the body. Yet this is opposite to what the Bible teaches.

Paul, for instance, regards the fleshly body as subordinate to the spiritual mind, and he distinguishes the spiritual mind from the fleshly members of the body. For example Paul says, "I see a different law in the members of my body, waging war against the law of my mind, and making me a prisoner of the law which is in my members" (Rom 7:23). He goes on to show that, through Christ, the mind can conquer the flesh. This sort of talk would hardly make any sense if Paul believed his mind to be a function or artifact of a fleshly member of his body. He would be saying that a war is going on between his brain and the rest of his body.

Example (2)
God is spirit

God is spirit (Jhn 4:24). A spirit does not have flesh and bones (Lke 24:39). It is safe to say therefore that God does not have a brain, since the brain is flesh but God is not. Yet God manifestly has a mind. We see then, that the idea that mind is an electro-chemical phenomenon does not fit with the revealed nature of God.

Example (3)
The Mind is Called the Heart

In the Bible, the word "heart" is often used figuratively for the mind. For instance note a few occurrences in the book of Acts: "my heart rejoiced... they were of one heart and one soul... whose heart the Lord opened... to weep and break my heart" (Acts 2:26, 4:32, 16:14, 21:13). If the brain is the mind and soul why not just say, "my brain rejoiced" or "the Lord opened her brain"?. Why use one physical organ as a figure of speech for another?

Example (4)
The Value of the Soul

Jesus once asked the rhetorical question, "What shall it profit a man if he shall gain the whole world and lose his soul? Or what can a man give in exchange for his soul?" (Mrk 8:36-37). It hardly makes sense to say that Jesus is talking about the brain, since everybody does lose it at death and it cannot be helped.

Example (5)
The Greatest Commandment

Jesus was asked to select the greatest commandment. He chose, "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind" (Mtt 22:36-37). This commandment about the mind and soul has no reference to one’s physical brain.

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